Caffeine in food: ingestion safety
Low risk(People-specific data is limited; this page draws from human adult context.) EFSA safe ≤400 mg/day; FDA GRAS; IARC Group 3; moderate cardiovascular benefit at low doses.
What is caffeine?
The IUPAC name is 1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione.
Also known as: 1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione, Guaranine, 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine, Methyltheobromine.
- IUPAC name
- 1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione
- CAS number
- 58-08-2
- Molecular formula
- C8H10N4O2
- Molecular weight
- 194.19 g/mol
- SMILES
- CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)N(C(=O)N2C)C
- PubChem CID
- 2519
Risk for people
Low riskEFSA safe ≤400 mg/day; FDA GRAS; IARC Group 3; moderate cardiovascular benefit at low doses.
Regulatory consensus
11 regulatory and scientific bodies have classified Caffeine. The classifications differ — that's the data.
| Agency | Year | Classification | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| EU | — | safe ≤400 mg/day | EFSA determination |
| FDA | — | GRAS | Generally Recognized as Safe |
| IARC | — | Group 3 | moderate cardiovascular benefit at low doses |
| EPA CTX / IARC | — | Group 3 - Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans | |
| EPA CTX / Genetox | — | Genotoxicity: positive (Ames: positive, 76 positive / 18 negative reports) | |
| EPA CTX / Genetox | — | Genotoxicity: positive (Ames: positive, 76 positive / 18 negative reports) | |
| EPA CTX / Skin-Eye | — | Eye Irritation: Not classified (score: low) | |
| EPA CTX / Skin-Eye | — | Skin Irritation: Not classified (score: low) | |
| EPA CTX / Skin-Eye | — | skin irritation: in vivo: Studies Indicate No Significant Irritation (score: low) | |
| EPA CTX / Skin-Eye | — | eye irritation: in vivo: Studies Indicate No Significant Irritation (score: low) | |
| EPA CTX / Skin-Eye | — | skin sensitisation: in vivo (LLNA): Not likely to be sensitizing (score: low) |
Regulators apply different standards of evidence — animal-data weighting, exposure-pattern assumptions, epidemiological power thresholds — which is why two scientific bodies can review the same data and reach different conclusions. The disagreement is the data.
Where you encounter caffeine
- Industrial Facilities — Manufacturing plants, Chemical storage areas, Waste treatment sites
- Occupational Environments — Factories, Warehouses, Transportation vehicles
- Food — processed food, beverages, candy, baked goods
Safer alternatives
Lower-risk approaches that achieve a similar outcome to Caffeine:
-
Physical/mechanical pest control (IPM)
Trade-offs: More labor-intensive. May not be sufficient for severe infestations.Relative cost: 1.2-2×
Frequently asked questions
What products contain caffeine?
Caffeine appears in: Manufacturing plants (Industrial facilities); Chemical storage areas (Industrial facilities); Factories (Occupational environments); Warehouses (Occupational environments); processed food (Food).
Why do regulators disagree about caffeine?
Caffeine has been classified by 11 agencies including EU, FDA, IARC, EPA CTX / IARC, EPA CTX / Genetox, with differing conclusions. Regulators apply different standards of evidence (animal data weighting, exposure-pattern assumptions, epidemiological power thresholds), which is why two scientific bodies can review the same data and reach different conclusions. See the regulatory consensus table on this page for the full picture.
See Caffeine in the food app
Look up products containing caffeine, compare to alternatives, and explore the full data record.
Open in food View raw API dataSources (2)
- EFSA: Scientific Opinion on the Safety of Caffeine (2015) — regulatory
- ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center: Caffeine Toxicity in Pets (2020) — report
Reference data, not professional advice. Aggregates publicly available regulatory and scientific data; not a substitute for veterinary, medical, legal, or regulatory advice. Why we built ALETHEIA →